Federalism - Best Handwritten Notes from the best creator | Class 10 | Social Studies Notes
The local government includes Panchayats in Villages and Muncipalities in Urban Areas.
• A third tier of federalism was added later in the form of Panchayats and Muncipalities. There are now three levels of government, central, State and Local Government. There existence and authority is constitutionally guranteed.
How is federalism Practised
Linguistic States
- Language Policy
-Centre-State Relation
India as a federal Country
Decentralisation in India
Concept of Federalism
Key features of federalism.
Two types of federalism
Coming together federations
Holding together. federations.
Difference between Federal System and Unitary System.
-Amendments of 1992. Structure of Rural Local Government
(B) A govemment formed by the coming together of at least two parties is called coalition govt.
How is Federalism Practised? [cbse 2016]
#Linguistic States:
• The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for demo- -cratic politics in our country.
After Independence (1947), the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states • This was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language lived
in the same state.
# Language Policy stitution does not give status of national language to • The Indian constitution any one language. • About 40% of Indians mother tongue is Hindi. So, Hindi is the official
language of India. • Besides Hindi, other 21 languages are recognised as scheduled languages
by constitution. • A candidate in an examination for a central Government position may opt to take examination in any of these languages.
• States have their own official language in which the government work
in the respective
work takes
• English acts as a medium of communication between central and state or
inter-state government work.
# Centre State Relations: • for a long time, the same political party ruled in centre and many of the states.
This did not allow state governments to exercise their rights as autonomous
federal units • It the party ruling in state and centre was different then Central Government often misused the constitution to dismiss State Government that was Controlled by their rival party.
• All this changed significantly after 1990. The time saw the rise of regional political parties. This was the beginning of the era of coalition govemment at Centre. No single parties had to enter in an alliance to form govemment at the centre.
• This led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State Government. • This new trend made difficult for Central Government to dismiss State Government in arbitrary manner.
Decentralisation in India
DECENTRALISATION- when power is taken away from Central and State Governments. and is given to local government, it is called decentralisation.
Earlier elections were not hold regularly and Local governments were not given. any power by State Government. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992-
Amendments of 1992: (cbse 2018] • It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular electrons to local government
bodies
• Seats are reserved in the elected bodies for SC, ST and At least one third of all positions are reserved for women.
OBC.
• An independent institution is created called State Election Commission in each state to conduct panchayat and municipality elections. • The state Government has to share some of its power and revenue with local government. This sharing varies from state to state.
# Structure of Rural Local Government:
Each village has a Gram Panchayat consisting of several ward to embers and a President (sarpanch). They are directly elected population of that ward or village. It works under the Gram Sabha Imembers (Panch supervision of
few gram panchayat forms panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative bodies are elected by all the Panchayat members in that area.
All panchayat samitis or mandals of the district together form Zila Parishad. Members of Lok Sabha, MLA's of that district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also its members.
+ In big cities, there are municipal Corporations. Both these local government bodies are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people's representatives
• The jurisdiction of each level of government is specified in constitution. There are following lists- Union List - It contains subjects of national importance and requires a uniform policy throughout the country. Central government alone can make laws related to these subjects. Eg-Befence, Banking, Currency, Foreign Affairs etc.
State List - It contains subjects of state and local importance and are of day to day administration. State government alone can make laws related to these subjects. Eg Police, Trade, Agriculture, Irrigation, Commerce etc.
Concurrent List - It includes subjects of common interest to both the Central and State Government like education, health, forest, marriage adoption etc. Both government can make laws on these subjects, but it their laws conflict then the law conflict then the law made by Central Government will prevail.
Residuary List It includes the subjects than came up after constitution - was made like computer science. According to constitution the central Government has powers to legislate on residuary subjects.
• India is a holding together federation. The constituent states do not have equal powers. Jammu and Kashmir was granted with special power. It used to have its own constitution, many provisions of Indian Constitution didn't apply on J&K (But After 2019, J&k no longer has this special status)
• Areas like Chandigarh, Lakshdweep and Delhi are called Union Territories. There territories do not have the powers of a state. The Central Government has special powers in running these areas.
• It is not easy to change the power sharing arrangement of India. First, it has to be passed by two third majority of both Houses of Parliament then it has to be passed by the legislatures of at least half of the total states.
If any dispute arises between different levels of government about the exercise of power then Supreme Court or High Courts make a decision.
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